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In 1881, the Young Ireland Society was formed. The Gaelic Athletic Association and the Gaelic League followed soon after. The Gaelic League began selling Irish-language textbooks and by 1906 had 900 branches boasting 100,000 members in urban areas around the country. The same Arthur Griffith who would found Sinn Fein in 1905 had in 1900 created an organization called Cumann na nGaedheal (Irish Council), which hoped to advance Irish nationalism through, among other things, the study and teaching of Irish history, literature, language, music and art, the discountenancing of anything tending towards the Anglicisation of Ireland, and, perhaps most important, the physical and intellectual training of the young.
Ulster Protestants saw the writing on the wall. Under an Irish government, all power would be vested in a centralized socialistic government while an alien culture controlled their economy, sport, literature, religion, language, and, worst of all, education the intellectual training of their young with an eye ...
A History of Force
by James L. Payne (Sandpoint, Idaho: Lytton Publishing, 2004); 296 pages; $23.95.
Tune in to most news broadcasts and you will probably hear one or more stories dealing with the use of force: armed conflicts in the Middle East; crimes; riots; and more. It often seems that we live in a violence-saturated world. Perhaps so, but political scientist James Payne argues in his new book, A History of Force, that over the long sweep of history, human beings have become significantly less inclined to use force. Optimistically, Payne concludes, “As far as we can tell from the historical record, we live in a much more peaceful world than has ever existed. Humans are less vicious, less inclined to inflict physical injury than they used to be.” Not only are things better than they used to be with regard to violence, but they are, the author believes, going to continue to improve.
Payne arrives at his conclusions from an ...