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Though proximity to power is its own reward, rulers have long recognized the benefit of distributing trinkets to potential sycophants. From medieval times onwards, the English king was seen as the “fount of all honors.” The British government created endless ribbons, orders, and titles to attach individuals to the crown. Cash was sometimes necessary to clinch the allegiance. Samuel Johnson famously defined an honorary government pension as “pay given to a state hireling for treason to his country.”
The U.S. government long avoided the temptation to distribute nonmilitary awards by the bucket. However, in 1963 John F. Kennedy broadened a Medals of Freedom program begun by Harry Truman, specifying that the awards would be given for “exceptionally meritorious contributions to the security or national interest of the United States, to world peace, or to cultural or other significant public or private endeavors.” Though the medal routinely went to politicians and government officials, giving it to artists, writers, movie stars, and ...