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Census Bureau: A Threat to Freedom
by James Bovard, June 2000
THERE ARE three
certainties in life death, taxes and the continuation of the Census
Bureaus proud tradition of keeping information it collects about
individuals strictly private. So announces the Census Bureaus
web page, seeking to assure Americans that they have nothing to fear by
opening their lives to the prying of this years census.
Regrettably, after seven years of the
Clinton administration, some Americans might be a little skeptical about this
trust us were the government line. And,
considering the Census Bureaus dark history, people have plenty of
reason to fear that their answers could be used against them.
In 1942, the Census Bureau made up a
special list telling the U.S. Army how many Japanese-Americans lived in each
neighborhood in the United States. The Army used the census lists to send
out trucks to round up 120,000 Japanese-Americans for internment camps
during World War II.
Census Bureau spokeswoman Paula
Schneider stressed that because the Census Bureau did not disclose the
specific names and addresses of Japanese-Americans, it did not compromise
the confidentiality of census respondents. Schneider noted,
Unfortunately, what was used was data for small geographic areas
that showed where the Japanese lived. This is like someones
claiming he has no responsibility for setting a wolf loose on your street that
just happened to gnaw your leg simply because he didnt set
the wolf free at your doorstep and personally tell it to bite you.
The New York Times, in a
March 17, 2000, article, summarized a new historical paper on the role of
the Census Bureau in the roundup:
On Dec. 9, 1941, two days after the attack on Pearl Harbor,
the Census Bureau produced a report titled Japanese Population of
the United States, Its Territories and Possessions. The next day the
bureau issued a report on the Japanese population by citizenship and place of
birth in selected cities across the country. The next day it published another
report, this one on the Japanese population by counties in states on the
West Coast. [Census Bureau director J.C.] Capt justified the speed with
which the bureau produced these reports by saying at a meeting of the
Census Advisory Committee in January 1942: We didnt want
to wait for the declaration of war. On Monday morning we put our people to
work on the Japanese thing.
If this is how the Census Bureau
protects the confidentiality of peoples responses, then one could
understand why malcontents would be cynical about answering the forms.
Why should Americans believe that the
Census Bureau would be more trustworthy than the White House? In
199394, the Clinton White House illegally requested and received
from the FBI 900 confidential background files that the FBI had compiled on
Bush and Reagan administration nominees. When news of this abuse surfaced
in 1996, Clinton shrugged off the gross violation of privacy as a
completely honest bureaucratic snafu. Congressional
investigators recently discovered that the White House had wrongfully
refused to turn over thousands of subpoenaed emails regarding the use and
abuse of the files. No White House official has faced a serious prospect of
jail time for breaking the law.
Federal law states that in no
case shall [census] information be used to the detriment of any respondent
or other persons to whom such information relates.
Census and housing
Yet people have been evicted from
their homes for giving honest census answers in the past. According to the
General Accounting Office, one of the most frequent ways city governments
use census information is to detect illegal two-family
dwellings, and an American Planning Association survey found that
housing-code enforcement was a key benefit of census data for local
governments. Census data provide printouts of the average number of
people per room in each block. As Arthur Young, former Census Bureau
housing director, observes, local governments use census data to
develop a plan to ... put greater emphasis on those areas that ...
need inspection or code enforcement. The census data send
inspectors to places where they are more apt to find violations,
according to Young.
The census information provides red
flags for housing enforcement inspectors to target. If more people are living
in a residence than the building is zoned for, then the city housing office can
do a sweep of the block to find the violators. The census might be termed
the Mexican, Negro, and Asian-Immigrant Easy Eviction Survey. Obviously, the
people most likely to live in overcrowded situations are poor people,
especially immigrants who tend to cluster in the same neighborhood. Housing
codes have long been used as a means to keep out
undesirables. If poor people could afford to live in less crowded
housing, they very likely would have already voluntarily moved somewhere
else to other locales long ago.
Other census data could also be used
to respondents detriment. GAO found that housing value data are
often used to evaluate decisions of eminent domain. Since
city planners usually prefer to commandeer poor peoples property,
since they have lower values than rich peoples homes, the census
increases the likelihood of expropriation of poor peoples homes by
the local government.
When asked about such uses of census
data, Schneider replied, You balance the need for small area data with
the possibility that it could possibly be used for purposes for which it was
not intended. Such housing crackdowns sometimes appear little more
than a pretext to evict blacks, Hispanics, or other low-income people.
The information the census gathers will
help fuel new government interventions. A Census Bureau press release
noted, Race data are required ... to assess racial disparities in health
and environmental risks. This is part of the Clinton
administrations environmental justice campaign
an effort to portray routine business decisions as part of a racist
conspiracy. These policies have helped discourage new factories from
locating in areas of high unemployment.
Most Americans received a short form
but one in six received a long form consisting of enough questions to
alarm even a loyal Democrat. For instance, recipients are ordered to report
to the Census Bureau what their annual income was last year. If there is any
difference between what the person recalls on his census form and what he
reports on his Form 1040, he can be hit with a $500 fine.
The census form asks whether any
resident in the house has a condition that substantially limits one or
more basic physical activities such as walking, climbing stairs, reaching,
lifting, or carrying. What is the average American supposed to make
of that question? Does it mean if a person cannot bench-press more than
200 pounds he can state that he is substantially limited from lifting? It
doesnt matter that different people will use completely different
standards to answer the question. But politicians will take the raw heaped-
together responses and announce that the resulting numbers prove that the
United States needs the Americans with Disabilities Act more than ever.
The long form asks people whether
their home contains complete plumbing facilities.
Unfortunately, there is not a special box to check whether the home is
cursed with a new federally mandated ultra-low-flush toilet a
concoction that is doing wonders for the sale of Lysol.
Welfare for your community
The Census Bureau is also trying to
whip up enthusiasm by telling people of all the federal benefits their localities
will receive, thanks to their cooperation. The census has degenerated from a
method of counting the population into a scheme for generating grist for the
expansion of the welfare state. Information on occupations is used to
construct affirmative action quotas for different industries. Information on
place of birth is used by the Civil Rights Commission as a
baseline for determining discrimination by national origin. Information on
home value and rental levels is used by housing agencies to establish subsidy
programs.
This is your future.
Dont leave it blank! is one of the mottoes the Census Bureau
is using to frighten people into answering the questionnaires. The Census
Bureau is also paying to run a television advertisement showing burning
buildings a fire department responding and then failing to
put out the fire because of malfunctioning equipment. The announcer warns
that this type of disaster is what will happen if people dont answer
their census forms and help their local government get all the federal booty
it deserves. Perhaps viewers should be grateful that the advertisement did
not end with a picture of Bill Clinton biting his lip.
Census director Kenneth Prewitt
declared that peoples census answers affect power, money,
group interests, civil rights; in short, who gets how much of what.
But the federal government has no right to dictate who gets how
much of what. By providing reams of information, the census allows
politicians to further manipulate peoples lives. The more information
government collects, the more control government can exert.
The Constitution mandates that an
enumeration of the citizenry be conducted every ten years in order to
apportion seats in the House of Representatives. Citizens should never be
required to answer any question except for the number of residents at an
address. A partial boycott of the census questionnaire was necessary to
safeguard our liberties and, therefore, it was good that a large number of
Americans have refused to answer all the questions. Rather than a promise
of confidentiality, the governments census forms should come with a
Miranda warning: Any answers you give can be used against you.
James Bovard is the author of Freedom in Chains: The Rise
of the State and the Demise of the Citizen (St. Martins Press,
1999).
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